在这项工作中，我们适应了一种受原始Alphago系统启发的训练方法，以扮演不完美的侦察盲目信息游戏。我们仅使用观测值而不是对游戏状态的完整描述，我们首先在公开可用的游戏记录上训练监督代理。接下来，我们通过自我播放来提高代理商的性能，并使用彻底的强化学习算法近端策略优化。我们不使用任何搜索来避免由于游戏状态的部分可观察性引起的问题，而只使用策略网络在播放时生成动作。通过这种方法，我们在RBC排行榜上实现了1330的ELO，该纸板在撰写本文时将我们的经纪人处于27位。我们看到自我戏剧可显着提高性能，并且代理商在没有搜索的情况下可以很好地发挥，而无需对真实游戏状态做出假设。

跨域对齐在从机器翻译到转移学习的任务中起关键作用。最近，在单语嵌入中运行的纯监督方法已成功地用于推断双语词典而不依赖监督。但是，当前的最新方法仅关注点向量，尽管在表示单词时已证明分布嵌入可以嵌入更丰富的语义信息。在本文中，我们提出了与概率嵌入对齐的随机优化方法。最后，我们通过对齐单语言数据训练的单词嵌入方式来评估无监督单词翻译问题的方法。我们表明，所提出的方法在几种语言对的双语词典归纳任务上取得了良好的性能，并且比基于点矢量的方法更好。

分类链是一种用于在多标签分类中建模标签依赖性的有效技术。但是，该方法需要标签的固定静态顺序。虽然理论上，任何顺序都足够了，实际上，该订单对最终预测的质量具有大量影响。动态分类链表示每个实例对分类的想法，可以动态选择预测标签的顺序。这种方法的天真实现的复杂性是禁止的，因为它需要训练一系列分类器，以满足标签的每种可能置换。为了有效地解决这个问题，我们提出了一种基于随机决策树的新方法，该方法可以动态地选择每个预测的标签排序。我们凭经验展示了下一个标签的动态选择，通过在否则不变的随机决策树模型下使用静态排序。 ％和实验环境。此外，我们还展示了基于极端梯度提升树的替代方法，其允许更具目标的动态分级链训练。我们的结果表明，该变体优于随机决策树和其他基于树的多标签分类方法。更重要的是，动态选择策略允许大大加速培训和预测。

Machine learning models are typically evaluated by computing similarity with reference annotations and trained by maximizing similarity with such. Especially in the bio-medical domain, annotations are subjective and suffer from low inter- and intra-rater reliability. Since annotations only reflect the annotation entity's interpretation of the real world, this can lead to sub-optimal predictions even though the model achieves high similarity scores. Here, the theoretical concept of Peak Ground Truth (PGT) is introduced. PGT marks the point beyond which an increase in similarity with the reference annotation stops translating to better Real World Model Performance (RWMP). Additionally, a quantitative technique to approximate PGT by computing inter- and intra-rater reliability is proposed. Finally, three categories of PGT-aware strategies to evaluate and improve model performance are reviewed.

Quaternion valued neural networks experienced rising popularity and interest from researchers in the last years, whereby the derivatives with respect to quaternions needed for optimization are calculated as the sum of the partial derivatives with respect to the real and imaginary parts. However, we can show that product- and chain-rule does not hold with this approach. We solve this by employing the GHRCalculus and derive quaternion backpropagation based on this. Furthermore, we experimentally prove the functionality of the derived quaternion backpropagation.

Neuromorphic systems require user-friendly software to support the design and optimization of experiments. In this work, we address this need by presenting our development of a machine learning-based modeling framework for the BrainScaleS-2 neuromorphic system. This work represents an improvement over previous efforts, which either focused on the matrix-multiplication mode of BrainScaleS-2 or lacked full automation. Our framework, called hxtorch.snn, enables the hardware-in-the-loop training of spiking neural networks within PyTorch, including support for auto differentiation in a fully-automated hardware experiment workflow. In addition, hxtorch.snn facilitates seamless transitions between emulating on hardware and simulating in software. We demonstrate the capabilities of hxtorch.snn on a classification task using the Yin-Yang dataset employing a gradient-based approach with surrogate gradients and densely sampled membrane observations from the BrainScaleS-2 hardware system.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent chronic joint disease worldwide, where knee OA takes more than 80% of commonly affected joints. Knee OA is not a curable disease yet, and it affects large columns of patients, making it costly to patients and healthcare systems. Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of knee OA might be argued by variability in its clinical and physical manifestations. Although knee OA carries a list of well-known terminology aiming to standardize the nomenclature of the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and clinical outcomes of the chronic joint disease, in practice there is a wide range of terminology associated with knee OA across different data sources, including but not limited to biomedical literature, clinical notes, healthcare literacy, and health-related social media. Among these data sources, the scientific articles published in the biomedical literature usually make a principled pipeline to study disease. Rapid yet, accurate text mining on large-scale scientific literature may discover novel knowledge and terminology to better understand knee OA and to improve the quality of knee OA diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. The present works aim to utilize artificial neural network strategies to automatically extract vocabularies associated with knee OA diseases. Our finding indicates the feasibility of developing word embedding neural networks for autonomous keyword extraction and abstraction of knee OA.

Data-centric artificial intelligence (data-centric AI) represents an emerging paradigm emphasizing that the systematic design and engineering of data is essential for building effective and efficient AI-based systems. The objective of this article is to introduce practitioners and researchers from the field of Information Systems (IS) to data-centric AI. We define relevant terms, provide key characteristics to contrast the data-centric paradigm to the model-centric one, and introduce a framework for data-centric AI. We distinguish data-centric AI from related concepts and discuss its longer-term implications for the IS community.

Many real-world reinforcement learning tasks require control of complex dynamical systems that involve both costly data acquisition processes and large state spaces. In cases where the transition dynamics can be readily evaluated at specified states (e.g., via a simulator), agents can operate in what is often referred to as planning with a \emph{generative model}. We propose the AE-LSVI algorithm for best-policy identification, a novel variant of the kernelized least-squares value iteration (LSVI) algorithm that combines optimism with pessimism for active exploration (AE). AE-LSVI provably identifies a near-optimal policy \emph{uniformly} over an entire state space and achieves polynomial sample complexity guarantees that are independent of the number of states. When specialized to the recently introduced offline contextual Bayesian optimization setting, our algorithm achieves improved sample complexity bounds. Experimentally, we demonstrate that AE-LSVI outperforms other RL algorithms in a variety of environments when robustness to the initial state is required.

Multimodal deep learning has been used to predict clinical endpoints and diagnoses from clinical routine data. However, these models suffer from scaling issues: they have to learn pairwise interactions between each piece of information in each data type, thereby escalating model complexity beyond manageable scales. This has so far precluded a widespread use of multimodal deep learning. Here, we present a new technical approach of "learnable synergies", in which the model only selects relevant interactions between data modalities and keeps an "internal memory" of relevant data. Our approach is easily scalable and naturally adapts to multimodal data inputs from clinical routine. We demonstrate this approach on three large multimodal datasets from radiology and ophthalmology and show that it outperforms state-of-the-art models in clinically relevant diagnosis tasks. Our new approach is transferable and will allow the application of multimodal deep learning to a broad set of clinically relevant problems.